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Position: Home > Articles > Policy Evolution of Agricultural Non-point Pollution Control in the U.S. and Implications for China Issues in Agricultural Economy 2016 (06) 93-103+112

农业非点源污染治理政策变革:美国经验及其启示

作  者：
韩洪云;夏胜
单  位：
浙江大学管理学院
关键词：
农业非点源污染;污染治理;政策变革;美国经验;中国启示
摘  要：
美国农业非点源污染治理政策是法律和管制机构交互作用内生决定的结果。《国家环境政策法》等法律安排和环保局的创设,促使其政策目标从维护航道和公共健康安全、到恢复水体美学和休闲价值、再到维护生态系统完整性;《清洁水法》和《水质法》推动了环境政策从点源污染治理、到点源与非点源污染总量控制、再转向生态一体化保护。美国完备的法律体系和行政机构的协调促进,一定程度上促进了政策目标与政策措施的协调发展,但联邦与州政府管理权分散引致的政策目标碎片化和农业部与环保局政策目标差异遏阻了生态一体化目标的实现,基于农户自愿参与基础上的非点源污染与点源污染排污权交易无效,导致日最大负荷总量控制政策实施困难。如何通过正式和非正式制度协调发展促进环境保护集体合作联盟的发展是美国农业非点源污染政策设计面临的最大挑战。中国农业非点源污染治理政策设计必须与环境管理体制改革协调互动,通过完善社会管理职能和创新公众参与渠道的顶层制度设计,实现从污染治理到生态保护的彻底变革。
译  名：
Policy Evolution of Agricultural Non-point Pollution Control in the U.S. and Implications for China
作  者：
HAN Hongyun;XIA Sheng;
摘  要：
This paper attempts to pull together key findings in the evolution of agricultural non-point source( NPS) policies in the U. S. and distill lessons for policy-making of NPS pollution control in transitional China. Policy making of agricultural non-point source( NPS) pollution control in the U. S. is the result of interaction of environmental laws with public administration. The development of the National Environmental Policy Act and the establishment of Environmental Protection Agency are the main factors resulting in the consistence of policy goal,with the process from keeping navigable waters free of refuse,to restoring and maintaining the chemical,physical,and biological integrity of the nation's waters,to the control of the Total Maximum Daily Load,and to the integrated ecological conservation. It is indicated that the loose interaction of policy goals and policy instruments is the fundamental reason for the ineffectiveness of agricultural NPS pollution control policies as an incremental process of concept definition;the TMDL heavily depends on point and non-point trading programs structured around the voluntary participation of agricultural NPS polluters,which should be responsible for the failure of the Total Maximum Daily Load. Further measures intended to be adopted are to induce conservative coalition by combining voluntary participation with compulsory measurements. As indicated by the experiences of the U. S.,the greatest obstacle in transitional China to effective environmental policies is how to enhance public participation in environmental management based on an overall strategy transfer from pollution control into ecological conservative programs.

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