关键词：
生物技术;疾病;生长;健康;肉类生产;母猪
摘 要：
随着世界人口的不断增长和生活水平的提高,在现有资源不断减少的同时,人们对优质猪肉蛋白质的需求却大幅度增加。除了通过改善日粮的营养水平及组成,还需要依靠生物技术培育出具有优良性状的猪。生物技术可以归类为克隆具有相同遗传组成的动物(通过体细胞核移植,胚胎细胞核移植或胚胎胚吐)或用基因工程(通过重组DNA技术和基因编辑)来产生转基因动物或微生物。克隆有助于保护物种和品种,特别是那些具有良好生物和经济特性的物种和品种。重组DNA技术将来自多个来源的遗传物质结合到单个细胞中以产生蛋白质,并且是基因(基因组)编辑的基础。基因编辑涉及基因的敲除、插入或沉默,以产生具有重要生产性状的转基因猪;或对抗生素敏感的微生物。目前的基因编辑工具包括使用锌指核酸内切酶(ZFN)、类转录激活因子效应物核酸酶(TAL?EN),或基因组定点编辑技术[成簇规律间隔短回文重复-Cas9蛋白(CRISPR/Cas9)]。根据细胞类型和质粒,通过转染(基于脂质的试剂、电穿孔、核转染或显微注射)或噬菌体将ZFN、TALEN或CRISPR/Cas9组分递送到靶细胞中。与ZFN和TALEN编辑相比,CRISPR/Cas9提供更高的效率,更易于设计,以及更高的基因工程灵活性。迄今为止,已经产生转基因猪可以表达牛生长激素、细菌植酸酶、真菌糖酶、植物和秀丽隐杆线虫脂肪酸去饱和酶,以及解偶联蛋白-1;缺乏肌肉生长抑制素,α-1,3-半乳糖基转移酶或CD163[猪生殖和呼吸综合征病毒("蓝耳病")的细胞受体]。生物技术有望在未来能提高猪生产效率和开发抗生素替代品。
译 名：
Promoting effect of new biotechnologies for improvements in swine nutrition and pork production efficiency
关键词：
biotechnology;;disease;;growth;;health;;meat production;;sows
摘 要：
As the world's population and living standards increase, demands for high quality pork pro-tein increase substantially in the face of reducing resources. This requires not only improved diets,but also biotechnology-based breeding to generate swine with desired production traits. Biotechnologycan be classified as the cloning of animals with identical genetic composition(via somatic cell nucleartransfer, embryonic cell nuclear transfer, or embryo spitting) or genetic engineering(via recombinantDNA technology and gene editing) to produce transgenic animals or microorganisms. Cloning helps toconserve species and breeds, particularly thosewith excellent biologic and economic traits. Recombinant DNA technology combines genetic ma-terials from multiple sources into single cells togenerate proteins, and is the basis for gene(genome) editing. The latter involves the deletion, insertion or silencing of genes to produce: transgenicpigs with important production traits; or microorganisms without an ability to resist antimicrobial sub-stances. Current gene-editing tools include the use of zinc finger nuclease(ZFN), transcription activa-tor-like effector nuclease(TALEN), or clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associ-ated nuclease-9(CRISPR/Cas9) as editors. ZFN, TALEN, or CRISPR/Cas9 components are deliveredinto target cells through transfection(lipid-based agents, electroporation, nucleofection, or microinjec-tion) or bacteriophages, depending on cell type and plasmid. Compared to the ZFN and TALEN edi-tors. CRISPR/Cas9 offers a higher efficiency, greater ease of designing, and greater flexibility in genet-ic engineering. To date, transgenic pigs have been generated to express bovine growth hormone, bacte-rial phytase, fungal carbohydrases, plant and C. elagan fatty acid desaturases, and uncoupling protein-1; and lack myostatin, α-1,3-galactosyltransferase, or CD163[a cellular receptor for the porcine repro-ductive and respiratory syndrome virus ("blue ear disease")]. Biotechnology holds promise in improvingthe efficiency of swine production and developing alternatives to antibiotics in the future.
