作 者：
葛均筑;徐莹;袁国印;田少阳;李淑娅;杨晓妮;曹凑贵;展茗;赵明
单 位：
农业部长江中游作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室;农业部作物生理生态重点实验室
关键词：
春玉米;覆膜;施氮量;产量;氮素积累;氮肥效率
摘 要：
【目的】研究并明确长江中游覆膜对不同施氮梯度春玉米产量、氮素积累与利用效率及土壤速效氮素时空动态的影响规律,为长江中游发展覆膜春玉米及氮素养分管理提供理论依据。【方法】采用大田试验,进行两因素裂区试验,主因素为覆膜(F)和不覆膜(NF),副因素为施氮量(5个施氮水平:0、135、202.5、270、337.5 kg/hm2,分别用N0、N135、N202.5、N270、N337.5表示)。于拔节期、吐丝期及成熟期测定春玉米氮素积累量(TNAA)及利用效率[氮肥农学利用效率(ANUE)和氮素回收率(NRE)],同时取0—20、20—40和40—60 cm土层土样测定硝态氮和铵态氮含量,成熟期测定产量及其构成因素。【结果】覆膜使春玉米增产23.0%45.9%,达极显著水平,增产的主要原因是增加穗粒数(7.6%37.0%,P<0.05)和提高百粒重(0.5 2.1 g,P<0.05);增施氮肥主要通过增加穗粒数(60.2%125.0%,P<0.01)来实现产量的提高(102.2%168.6%,P<0.01),而对穗数和百粒重无显著影响;二因素互作对春玉米产量、穗数、穗粒数及百粒重的影响均达极显著水平。分析春玉米对氮素的积累利用可以看出,长江中游春玉米TNAA随生育时期而显著增加,覆膜和增施氮肥显著提高各生育时期TNAA,但二因素互作仅对吐丝期TNAA影响显著。覆膜显著提高春玉米ANUE(45.32%164.23%),但对NRE无显著影响;增施氮肥显著降低ANUE(26.21%43.71%)和NRE(26.75%47.20%);二因素互作对春玉米ANUE和NRE影响程度亦未达到显著水平。覆膜增加土壤温度,加快了肥料的养分释放进程,同时覆膜改变春玉米生育进程,减少同期降雨量,提高中低施氮水平(N 135 270 kg/hm2)耕层(0—20 cm)土壤速效氮素的含量;覆膜显著提高N202.5和N270处理下20—40 cm土层土壤速效氮含量;覆膜仅对深层土壤(40—60 cm)拔节期速效氮含量的影响达显著水平。【结论】覆膜和施氮二者相互作用有利于提高穗粒数和吐丝期植株氮素积累量,进而促进籽粒灌浆过程,提高百粒重。在本研究条件下,长江中游春玉米适宜的施氮量应控制在202.5 270 kg/hm2,覆膜降低土壤氮素损失,促进玉米对氮素的吸收,实现稳产和肥料的高效协同提高。
译 名：
Effects of film mulching on nitrogen use efficiency of spring maize and soil available nitrogen variations in the middle reaches of Yangtze River
作 者：
GE Jun-zhu;XU Ying;YUAN Guo-yin;TIAN Shao-yang;LI Shu-ya;YANG Xiao-ni;CAO Cou-gui;ZHAN Ming;ZHAO Ming;MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System for the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River,College of Plant Science and Technology,Huazhong Agricultural University;MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology , Institute of Crop Sciences,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences;College of Agronomy,Resources and Environment,Tianjin Agricultural University;
关键词：
spring maize;;film mulching;;nitrogen application rate;;grain yield;;nitrogen accumulation;;nitrogen use efficiency
摘 要：
【Objectives】The mechanism of film mulching on spring maize grain yield,N accumulation,N use efficiency and soil available nitrogen spatial and temporal variations was studied under different N application rates,to provide theoretical basis for the practical use of the film mulching technology on spring maize in the middle reach of Yangtze River. 【Methods 】A split-block field experiment was conducted with film mulching( F) or no film mulching( NF) as main factor and N application rates as the deputy factor: N0,N135,N202. 5,N270 and N337. 5. Plant samples were collected at jointing,silking and maturity stage of maize,the N contents were determined and the nitrogen accumulation amount( TNAA) and agronomy nitrogen use efficiency( ANUE) and nitrogen recovery efficiency( NRE) were calculated; at the same stage,soil samples of 0-20,20-40 and 40-60 cm in depth were collected,and the NO-3-N and NH+4-N contents were analyzed. The yield and yield components were investigated after harvest. 【Results】There were significant differences of film mulching and N application on grain yield,ear number,ear kernels number and 100-kernel weight. Compared with NF,film mulching significantly increased grain yield by 23. 0%- 45. 9%( P < 0. 01),the main reason was that the ear kernels number were increased by7. 6%-37. 0%( P < 0. 05) and 100- kernel weight increased by 0. 5-2. 1 g( P < 0. 05). N application significantly increased grain yield of spring maize by 102. 2%- 168. 6%( P < 0. 01),the main reason was the increase of ear kernels number( 60. 2%- 125. 0%,P < 0. 01),instead of the ear number and 100- kernel weight. Spring maize TNAA was increased significantly by film mulching and N application in the tested growth stages, but the interaction of the two experimental factors was only showed at silking stage. Compared to NF,film mulching increased the ANUE by 45. 32%- 164. 23% with different N application rates,but not significant on the NRE( 2. 34%- 17. 64%). The ANUE and NRE were respectively increased by 26. 21%- 43. 71% and 26. 75%-47. 20% with N application. There were still no significantly interact effects of film mulching and N application on ANUE and NRE. Film mulching increased fertilizer nitrogen releasing rate by increased soil temperature and reduced precipitation in the same stage,so the soil available N contents were significantly increased in the 0- 20 cm depth under N 135-270 kg / hm2 levels and 20-40 cm depth under N 202. 5 and 270 kg / hm2 levels,and in the40-60 cm depth soil at V6 stage. 【Conclusions】The significant interaction of film mulching and N application on the N accumulation at silking stage was beneficial to the increase of ear kernel number,and the N accumulation during kernels filling stage,which promotes the kernel filling and the final 100- kernel weight. Under the experimental conditions,with flim mulching,the N application should be controlled in range of 202. 5- 270 kg / hm2 in spring maize in the middle reaches of Yangtze River for high grain yield and high nitrogen use efficiency.
