The genetic diversity of maize populations Wuxi (W) from Southwest China, BSSS9(B) from America, Mohuangjiu (M) from Mexico, WBMC0 synthesized by W, B, M as main parents,WBMC1 one cycle selected from WBMC0 were evaluated by RAPD molecular marker. The results showed that :(1) Totally 89 fragments (loci) were amplified by 15 10-mar random primers, the proportion of polymorphic loci were W 76. 4%, B 75. 3%, M 79. 8%,WBMC0 85. 4%and WBMC1 92. 1%respectively; (2) The mean gene heterozygosity based on 89 loci was W 0. 285, B 0. 252, M 0. 296, WBMC0 0. 327 and WBMC1 0. 346; (3) The mean genetic distance based on 89 loci were W 0. 2533, B 0. 2246, M 0. 2481, WBMC0 0. 3006 and WBMC1 0. 3119; (4) The genotypic mean numbers amplified by 15 primers were W 9.1, B 7.8, M 8.5, WBMC0 10. 1 and WBMC1 10. All indexes indicated that the synthesized maize population were more polymorphic than the parent populations in DNA level. One cycle selection did not reduce the variation. The new conception of "genotypic diversity" (the number of genotypes in a population) was provided to describe the genetic diversity for any population being equilibrium or unequilibrium in genetics. The principle and technical system were discussed for evaluating genetic variation of recurrent selection population using RAPD molecular marker.