Zezhou Hao;Chengyun Zhang;Le Li;Bing Sun;Shi‐Hong Luo;Juyang Liao;Qingfei Wang;Ruichen Wu;Xingqian Xu;Christopher A. Lepczyk;Nancai Pe

School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, People’s Republic of China;College of Forestry, Wildlife and Environment, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA;Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, People’s Republic of Chin;Hunan Botanical Barden, Changsha, 410116, People’s Republic of China;Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, People’s Republic of China;Guangdong Eco-Engineering Polytechnic, Guangzhou, 510520, People’s Republic of China

Anthropogenic noise;Bird sounds;Urban forests;Vegetation structure;LOW-FREQUENCY SONGS;TRANSMISSION;REVERBERATIONS;PROPAGATION;REDUCTION;CIT

Abstract As a crucial component of terrestrial ecosystems, urban forests play a pivotal role in protecting urban biodiversity by providing suitable habitats for acoustic spaces. Previous studies note that vegetation structure is a key factor influencing bird sounds in urban forests; hence, adjusting the frequency composition may be a strategy for birds to avoid anthropogenic noise to mask their songs. However, it is unknown whether the response mechanisms of bird vocalizations to vegetation structure remain consistent despite being impacted by anthropogenic noise. It was hypothesized that anthropogenic noise in urban forests occupies the low-frequency space of bird songs, leading to a possible reshaping of the acoustic niches of forests, and the vegetation structure of urban forests is the critical factor that shapes the acoustic space for bird vocalization. Passive acoustic monitoring in various urban forests was used to monitor natural and anthropogenic noises, and sounds were classified into three acoustic scenes (bird sounds, human sounds, and bird-human sounds) to determine interconnections between bird sounds, anthropogenic noise, and vegetation structure. Anthropogenic noise altered the acoustic niche of urban forests by intruding into the low-frequency space used by birds, and vegetation structures related to volume (trunk volume and branch volume) and density (number of branches and leaf area index) significantly impact the diversity of bird sounds. Our findings indicate that the response to low and high frequency signals to vegetation structure is distinct. By clarifying this relationship, our results contribute to understanding of how vegetation structure influences bird sounds in urban forests impacted by anthropogenic noise.