作 者：
杨森;黄化刚;龙友华;陈雪;李磊;代园凤;尹显慧
单 位：
贵州大学作物保护研究所;贵州省烟草公司毕节市公司
关键词：
二甲四氯;烟草;药害;竹炭;有机肥;修复
摘 要：
探究二甲四氯土壤残留致烟草药害的有效修复方法,为烟草生产的可持续健康发展提供指导。以贵烟1号为供试材料,采用盆栽试验,研究二甲四氯土壤残留致烟草药害症状及其致害临界值,探索不同用量竹炭和有机肥配施对二甲四氯土壤残留致害烟株生长状况、烟叶生理生化指标、超微结构、品质和二甲四氯残留降解的影响。结果表明:低剂量二甲四氯可促进烟株生长,而高剂量可致烟叶黄化和短小,植株矮小、生长缓慢或死亡,其致害临界值介于2 520~12 600 g/hm2。竹炭和有机肥配施对烟草二甲四氯药害有较好的修复效果。其中,每株烟苗配施竹炭60 g和有机肥50 g对致害烟株修复效果最佳,烟苗移栽80 d后,对株高、叶长、叶宽的修复效果显著,烟株主根长度最长,较药剂对照提高了39.94%(P<0.05);与药剂对照相比,显著增加了致害烟叶的POD、SOD活性,且显著降低了致害烟叶的MDA含量(P<0.05),使致害烟叶叶绿体紧靠细胞壁排列,促进基质和基粒片层逐渐清晰,增加淀粉粒数,细胞发育逐渐恢复稳定,同时改善了致害烟叶品质,其中糖碱比和氮碱比分别为9.36和0.92,处于优质烟叶范围。此外,该修复处理在烟苗移栽30 d后,土壤和烟叶二甲四氯残留量较药剂对照分别下降了69.34%和73.52%,80 d后土壤和烟叶中均检测不到二甲四氯残留量。因此,每株烟草配施竹炭60 g和有机肥50 g可提高二甲四氯致害烟株抗逆性,修复烟叶细胞结构,加快其在土壤中的降解速率,促进致害烟株生长,提高烟叶品质,有效预防和修复二甲四氯除草剂药害。
译 名：
Remediation Effect of Bamboo Charcoal and Organic Fertilizers Combined Application on Phytotoxicity of MCPA to Tobacco
作 者：
YANG Sen;HUANG Huagang;LONG Youhua;CHEN Xue;LI Lei;DAI Yuanfeng;YIN Xianhui;Institute of Crop Protection,Guizhou University;Bijie Tobacco Company of Guizhou Province;
关键词：
MCPA;;Tobacco;;Phytotoxicity;;Bamboo charcoal;;Organic fertilizers;;Remediation
摘 要：
New effective remediation methods of tobacco phytotoxicity caused by 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy acetic acid( MCPA) residue in soil were explored to provide references for reducing phytotoxicity of MCPA residue in tobacco production. With Guiyan 1 used as material,pot experiment was conducted to study symptoms of tobacco phytotoxicity caused by MCPA and the critical concentration threshold,and the effects of bamboo charcoal and organic fertilizer combined application on the growth of tobacco to which MCPA residue in soil caused phytotoxicity,physiological and biochemical indexes,ultrastructure,quality of tobacco leaves and residual degradation. The results showed that low concentration of MCPA promoted growth of tobacco plants. However,high concentration of MCPA could make tobacco leaves yellow andshort,and plants were dwarf,grew slowly or died. The critical concentration threshold causing tobacco phytotoxicity by MCPA was determined between 2 520 and 12 600 g/ha. Bamboo charcoal and organic fertilizers combined application had a good remediation effect on tobacco phytotoxicity by MCPA. Among different treatments,the application of bamboo charcoal 60 g and organic fertilizer 50 g per tobacco plant had the best remediation effect on poisoned tobacco plants caused by MCPA. At 80 days after transplanting,the treatment had significant remediation effect on plant height,leaf length and leaf width of tobacco seedlings. The length of main root of tobacco plant was the longest,increased by 39. 94%( P <0. 05) compared with the control with MCPA only. Compared with the drug control,the treatment significantly increased the POD and SOD enzymes activity of poisoned tobacco leaves,and significantly reduced the MDA content of poisoned tobacco leaves( P < 0. 05). It also caused the chloroplasts of poisoned tobacco leaves adjacent to the cell wall. The matrix and lamellae became clear,the starch granules increased and the volume was larger,and the cell development gradually recovered. The quality of poisoned tobacco leaves by MCPA was improved. The ratios of sugar to alkali and nitrogen to alkali were 9. 36 and 0. 92,respectively,which were in the range of high-quality tobacco leaves. In addition,after 30 days of transplanting,the residues of MCPA in soil and tobacco leaves were decreased by69. 34% and 73. 52% compared with the drug control,and no residual MCPA was checked out after 80 days of transplanting. Therefore,the application of bamboo charcoal 60 g and organic fertilizer 50 g per tobacco plant can improve the stress resistance of poisoned tobacco plants,remediate the cell structure of tobacco leaves,accelerate the degradation of MCPA in soil,promote the growth of poisoned tobacco plants,improve the quality of tobacco leaves,prevent and remediate the phytotoxicity of MCPA.
