作 者：
金方伦;万敏;周光萍;黎明;韩成敏;敖学希;罗会贤;徐琼
摘 要：
2008~2011年连续4年在遵义市调查中华猕猴桃的开花结果习性,分析其开花坐果特性.结果表明,中华猕猴桃在遵义市生长的物候期为3月中、下旬是萌芽期,3月下旬至5月中旬为春梢抽发期,3月下旬至4月上旬为现蕾期,4月22日至5月18日为开花期;果实生长始于5月中旬,有3个生长高峰期,8月下旬进入果皮着色期,9月中、下旬进入果实生理成熟期.结果枝可以挂果1~18个,以单枝挂果1~12个的居多,所占的比例也较大,尤以单枝挂果5个的最多,结果母枝坐果率高达56.36%,其他大部分结果母枝坐果率在40%左右.当地一年有3次落果高峰期,第一次发生在5月13日至5月19日,第二次发生在6月10日至6月16日,第三次发生在9月2日至9月8日,其落果率分别为36.62%、4.86%和0.80%.树体上部、中部和下部不同部位的结果母枝其开花量存在着一定的差异,而坐果量、坐果率之间存在着显著差异.各结果母枝上不同部位的结果枝之间其开花量、坐果数和坐果率存在显著的差异,以第一节位和第二节位的开花坐果情况较优.栽植密度大的果园,无论是开花量、坐果量和坐果率都低于栽植密度小的果园.春梢不同修剪(留叶数量)方式对中华猕猴桃结果枝的开花量、坐果量和坐果率都产生一定的影响,其中对坐果率产生了显著影响,尤其是春梢留叶5~6片的修剪方式坐果率最高.针对于此,建议生产上在加强土肥水管理和防治病虫害的前提下,要大力增强中华猕猴桃的树体树势,合理调整树体结构上部、中部和下部各部分的结果母枝比例,多留结果母枝上第一节位、第二节位的枝条做结果枝,并合理密植和适时夏剪摘心,提高树体、枝条、花的质量,缓解枝果矛盾,改善树体通风透光条件,春梢以留叶5~6片为宜,从而促进开花坐果、提高坐果率.
单 位：
Guizhou Institute of Sericulture and Pepper,Zunyi 563006,Guizhou,China
关键词：
Actinidia chinensis Planeh%flowering%fruiting
摘 要：
Flowering and fruiting habits of Actinidia chinensis Planeh were surveyed in four consecutive years from 2008 to 2011 in Zunyi city to analyze their flowering and fruiting characteristics.Results showed that growth phenology of A.chinensis in Zunyi city was shouting stage,mid-late March;spring shoots germinating stage,from early March to mid-May;squaring stage,from late March to early April;flowering stage,from April 22 to May 18;fruit growth begins in mid-May,with 3 growth peaks,skin coloring period begins in late August;and fruit physiological maturity period begins in mid-late September.Fruit branch can bear 1 to 18 fruits,mostly 1 to 12 fruits per single branch which accounted for a large proportion,especially bearing 5 fruits on single branch,with fruit-setting rate up to 56.36%.The fruit-setting rate of most other branches was about 40%.There were 3 follower and fruit dropping peaks per year in the local area,the first one was from May 13 to May 19,the second one occurred between June 10 to June 16,while the third one was during September 2 to September 8,with following(fruit) falling rate,at 36.62%,4.86% and 0.80%,respectively.The number of fllowers on fruit-bearing branches of the upper,middle and lower parts of tree was different,while fruit number and fruit-setting rate was significantly different.The follower number,fruit number and fruit-setting rate on different parts of one fruit-bearing branch were significantly different,and the flowering and fruiting was the best on the first and second nodes.The flowering number,fruit set and fruit-setting rate of orchards with high planting density were smaller than those of orchards with low planting density.Different pruning pattern of spring shoots(leaf number) had certain effects on flowering,fruiting and fruit-setting rate,among which the effect on fruit-setting rate was significant,as the fruit-setting rate was the highest on branches with 5~6 leaves saved on one spring shoot.Accordingly,it was recommended that on the base of enhancing soil and water management and diseases and insect pests control,the tree body and vigor should be enhanced;and rational structure of upper,middle and lower part of fruit-bearing branches should be adjusted.The branches on the first and second node of fruit-bearing branches should be kept more.Reasonable planting density,pruning in summer,and topping should be implemented to improve the quality of tree,branches and flowers,ease the branch-fruit contradictions and improve the ventilation and light conditions.The leaf retention on spring shoots should be 5~6 leaves so as to promote the flowering and fruiting,raise the fruit-setting rate.
