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Position: Home > Articles > How to Evaluate the Agricultural Development during the Ming and Qing Dynasties Agricultural History of China 2014 (1) 3-12

如何看待明清时期的中国农业

作  者：
王思明
单  位：
南京农业大学中华农业文明研究院
关键词：
明清时期;农业历史;农业生产力;经济与社会转型;中西比较
摘  要：
一般认为明清时期中国农业已经停滞并趋于衰落,这也是中国近代被动挨打的重要原因。然而,大量历史事实表明,这只是一种想当然的推测。事实上,明清是中国历史上经济发展最为迅速的历史时期,并于19世纪初期到达世界顶峰,其主要支撑体系就是中国的农业。虽然较之宋元,中国农业生产工具数百年中没有什么变化,但在多熟种植、肥料使用、农田水利等精耕细作体系、域外高产作物引种推广及生态农业等诸多方面都有长足的发展和重要创新。可以说,中国农业生产的相对优势一直保持到了19世纪中期,其中土地生产率方面的优势大体维持到了20世纪。究其原因,现代科技真正作用于农业生产始于19世纪中期以后,首先在农业机械领域,而现代作物育种、化学肥料等作用于土地生产率的现代农业科技基本上是20世纪,特别是20世纪20年代以后才逐渐进入生产力。中国传统农户经营制度并未成为农业现代化的障碍。中国近代落后挨打应从世界经济和社会转型大的历史背景来分析。在世界工业化、城市化日新月异的进程中,中国仍然固守传统,不思变化,终于导致在新一轮世界性竞争中落到了后面。
译  名：
How to Evaluate the Agricultural Development during the Ming and Qing Dynasties
作  者：
WANG Si-ming;Institution of Chiuese Agricul tural Civilization, Nanjing Agricultural University;
关键词：
Ming and Qing dynasties;;agricultural history;;economic and social transition;;comparison between China and western countries
摘  要：
It is generally held that Chinese agriculture tended to stagnate, even decline after the Song dynasty. The argument is based on that there has been no change of agricultural implements since then. However, facts deny such simple conclusion. According to recent scholarship, as late as in 1820 China was still the biggest economy in the world, China's GDP was nearly one third of the world total(32.4%), and actually grew faster than Europe in the 18th century.Such a rapid growth was brought mainly by the following reasons:(1)The rapid development of multiple cropping;(2)The fast expansion of high-yielding and cold resistant crops introduced from Americas;(3)Heavy use of manure;(4)The quick expansion of irrigation system;(5)The further development of intensive and ecological farming.If China lagged behind of the western world in modern science and industry from the 15th century, its relative advantage in agriculture well maintained into the 19th century. Numerous facts reveal that Chinese farmers were sensitive enough to new and appropriate technology and they always made wise decisions according to the natural and economic environment in constant change. The small farm sysem did not hinder agricultural modernization. China's lagging behind in the late 19th century, especially in the 20th century was not because of its agriculture, but largely due to the slow general economic and social transition.

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